Accounting For Not-For-Profit Organisations and Partnership Firms

Unit I :

Accounting Not-for-Profit Organisation 

• Not-for-profit organization: Meaning and Examples.
• Receipts and Payments: Meaning and Concept of fund-based and non-fund-based accounting.
• Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account and Balance sheet from receipt and payment account with additional information.

Unit II :

Accounting for Partnership 

• Nature of Partnership Firm: Partnership deed (meaning, importance).
• Final Accounts of Partnership: Fixed v/s Fluctuating capital, Division of profit among partners, Profit, and Loss Appropriation account.

Unit III :

Reconstitution of Partnership 

Changes in profit sharing ratio among the existing partners – Sacrificing ratio and Gaining ratio.

• Accounting for Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities and Distribution of reserves and accumulated profits.
• Goodwill: Nature, Factors affecting and Methods of valuation: Average profit, Super profit, Multiplier, and Capitalisation methods.
• Admission of a Partner: Effect of admission of a partner, Change in profit sharing ratio, the Accounting treatment for goodwill, Revaluation of assets and liabilities, Reserves (accumulated profits), and Adjustment of capital.
• Retirement/Death of a Partner: Change in profit sharing ratio, Accounting treatment of goodwill, Revaluation of assets and liabilities, Adjustment of accumulated profits (Reserves).

Unit IV :

Dissolution of Partnership Firm 

• Meaning, Settlement of accounts: Preparation of realization account and related accounts (excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company, and insolvency of a Partner)

Computerized Accounting System

Unit I :

Overview of Computerised Accounting System

• Concept and Types of Computerised Accounting System (CAS).
• Features of a Computerised Accounting System.
• Structure of a Computerised Accounting System.

Unit II :

Using Computerised Accounting System

• Steps in the installation of CAS, Preparation of chart of accounts, Codification, and Hierarchy of account heads.
• Data entry, Data validation, and Data verification.
• Adjusting entries, Preparation of financial statements, Closing entries and Opening entries.
• Security of CAS and Security features are generally available in CAS (Students are expected to understand and practice the entire accounting process using an accounting package.)

Unit III :

Accounting Using Database Management System (DBMS)

• Concepts of DBMS.Objects in DBMS: Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports.
• Creating data tables for accounting.
• Using queries, forms, and reports for generating accounting information. Applications of DBMS in generating accounting information such as shareholders’ records, sales reports, customers’ profiles, suppliers’ profiles payroll, employees’ profiles, and petty cash registers.

Unit IV :

Accounting Applications of Electronic Spreadsheet

• Concept of an Electronic Spreadsheet (ES).
• Features offered by Electronic Spreadsheet.
• Applications of Electronic Spreadsheet in generating accounting information, preparing depreciation schedules, loan repayment schedules, payroll accounting, and other such companies

Company Accounts and Financial Statement Analysis

Unit V :

Accounting for Share and Debenture Capital

• Share Capital: Meaning, Nature, and Types.
• Accounting for Share Capital: Issue and Allotment of Equity and Preference Shares; Oversubscription and Under subscription; Issue at par, premium, and at discount; Calls in advance, Calls in arrears, Issue of shares for consideration other than cash.
• Forfeiture of Shares: Accounting treatment, Re-issue of forfeited shares.
• Presentation of shares and Debentures Capital in the company’s balance sheet.
• Issue of Debenture – At par, premium, and discount; Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash.
• Redemption of the debenture.
• Out of proceeds of fresh issue, accumulated profits, and sinking fund.

Unit VI :

Analysis of Financial Statements

• Financial Statements of a Company: Preparation of simple financial statements of a company in the prescribed form with major headings only.
• Financial Analysis: Meaning, Significance, Purpose, Limitations.
• Tools for Financial Analysis: Comparative statements, Common size statements.
• Accounting Ratios: Meaning and Objectives, Types of ratios:

• Liquidity Ratios:	The current ratio, Liquidity ratio.
  Solvency Ratio:	Debt to equity, Total assets to debt, Proprietary ratio.
  Activity Ratio:	Inventory turnover, Debtors turnover, Payables turnover, Working capital turnover, Fixed assets turnover, Current assets turnover.
  Profitability Ratio:	Gross profit, Operating ratio, Net profit ratio, Return on Investment, Earning per Share, Dividend per Share, and Profit Earning ratio.

Unit VII :

Statement of Changes in Financial Position

• Cash Flow Statement : Meaning and Objectives, Preparation, Adjustments related to depreciation, dividend and tax, sale and purchase of non-current assets (as per revised standard issued by ICAI).

Unit 1 :

Agrometeorology, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Biochemistry and Microbiology Agrometerology :

Elements of Weather-rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind velocity, Sunshine weather forecasting, climate change in relation to crop production.

Genetics & Plant Breeding :

• Cell and its structure, cell division-mitosis and meiosis and their significance
• Organisation of the genetic materials in chromosomes, DNA and RNA
• Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Reasons for the success of Mendel in his experiments, Absence of linkage in Mendel’s experiments.
• Quantitative inheritance, continuous and discontinuous variation in plants.
• Monogenic and polygenic inheritance.
• Role of Genetics in Plant breeding, self and cross-pollinated crops, methods of breeding in field crops-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy, tissue and cell culture.
• Plant Biotechnology-definition and scope in crop production.

Biochemistry :

• pH and buffers,Classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates; proteins; lipids; vitamins and enzymes.

Microbiology :

• Microbial cell structure,Micro-organisms- Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Protozoa and Viruses. Role of micro-organisms in respiration, fermentation and organic matter decomposition

Unit 2 :

Livestock Production Scope and importance :

• Importance of livestock in agriculture and industry, White revolution in India.
• Important breeds Indian and exotic, distribution of cows, buffaloes and poultry in India.

Care and management :

• Systems of cattle and poultry housing
• Principles of feeding, feeding practices.
• Balanced ration-definition and ingredients.
• Management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animalsas well as chicks crockrels and layers, poultry.
• Signs of sick animals, symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry, Rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis and haemorrhagic septicaemia coccidiosis,Fowl pox and Ranikhet disease, their prevention and control.

Artificial Insemination :

• Reproductive organs, collection, dilution and preservation of semen and artificial insemination, role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement.

Livestock Products :

• Processing and marketing of milk and Milk products

Unit 3 :

Crop Production

Introduction :

• Targets and achievements in foodgrain production in India since independence and its future projections, sustainable crop production, commercialization of agriculture and its scope in India.
• Classification of field crops based on their utility-cereals, pulses, oils seeds, fibre, sugar and forage crops.

Soil, Soil fertility, Fertilizers and Manures :

• Soil, soil pH, Soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility and soil health. 
• Essential plant nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms.
• Soil types of India and their characteristics.
• Organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers; integrated nutrient management system.

Irrigation and Drainage :

• Sources of irrigation (rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tubewells).
• Schedulingof irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content and weather parameters.
• Water requirement of crops.
• Methods of irrigation and drainage.
• Watershed management

Weed Control :

• Principles of weed control, methods of weed control (cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological and Integrated weed management).

Crops :

• Seed bed preparation, seed treatment, time and method of sowing/planting, seed rate; dose, method and time of fertilizer application, irrigation, interculture and weed control; common pests and diseases, caused by bacteria, fungi virus and nematode and their control, integrated pest management, harvesting, threshing, post harvest technology: storage, processing and marketing of major field crops-Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon-pea, gram, sugarcane, cotton and berseem.

Unit 4 :

Horticulture

• Importance of fruits and vegetables in human diet, Crop diversification & processing Industry.
• Orchard- location and layout, ornamental gardening and kitchen garden.
• Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping, protection from frost and sunburn.
• Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials-definition and examples. Propagation by seed, cutting, budding, layering and grafting.
• Cultivation practices, processing and marketing of :
  • Fruits – mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes.
  • Vegetables – Radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach and cabbage.
  • Flowers – Gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses and marigold.
• Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation.
• Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips and their packin

Unit I :

Reproduction Reproduction in organisms 

• Reproduction,  a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

• Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination–types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Human Reproduction

• Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

Reproductive health

• Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases(STD); Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit II:

Genetics and Evolution Heredity and variation :

• Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism– Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination–Inhumans,birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance :

• Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of  DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation– Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting.

Evolution :

• Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution– Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;Geneflowandgeneticdirft;Hardy-Weinberg’sprinciple;Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Unit III :

Biology and Human Welfare Health and Disease :

• Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDs; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

Improvement in food production:

• Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

Microbes in human welfare :

• In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Unit IV :

Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, genetherapy; Genetically modified organisms- Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues– Biopiracy and patents.

Unit V :

Ecology and environment Organisms and environment :

• Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions– mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes–growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

 Ecosystems :

• Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services– Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.

 Biodiversity and its conservation :

• Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.

 Environmental issues :

• Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

Human Beings and Nature

• Modern schools of ecological thoug
• Deep ecology (Gary Snyder, Earth First) vs. shallow ecology.
• Stewardship of land (g. Wendell Berry).
• Social ecology [Marxist environmentalism and socialist ecology (Barry Commoner)].
• Feminism.
• Green Politics (e.g. Germany and England).
• Sustainable Development.Modern schools of ecological thought; definition and basic understanding of Deep Ecology as opposed to Shallow Ecology; Stewardship, Social Ecology – Marxist environmentalism and Socialist Ecology, Eco feminism, Green political movements of Germany and England and Sustainable Development (basic concepts).World Wide Fund for Nature – organisation, mission, strategy for conservation.Greenpeace – organisation,  mission statement, core values, objectives  and strategy.

Population and Conservation Ecology

• Population dynamics :factors causing population change (birth, death, immigration and emigration); relation between the factors; age structure and its significance; population pyramids; survivorship curves; three general shapes r and K strategie Factors.causing population change (birth, death, immigration and emigration); relation between the factors; Age structure and its significance; Population Pyramids –interpretation and implications. Rate of change of population – the three general shapes of Survivorship Curves, r and K strategies and differences between the two.
• Human populations (Malthusian model and demographic transition).Definition of Carrying Capacity; Malthusian view : concept of ‘over-population’ and shortage of resources; Questioning Malthus. Population Growth vs. Disparate Consumption of resources within and amongst nations. Definition and understanding of Demographic Transition; Factors influencing demographic transition.

• Population Regulation : growth without regulation (exponential); simple population regulation (logistic growth curve); factors regulating population size (space, food and water, territories, predators, weather and climate, parasite and diseases, disasters and self-regulation). Basic understanding of the Exponential growth curve (J – shaped) and Logistic growth curve (S – shaped); Factors regulating population size (space, food and water, territories, predators, weather and climate, parasite and diseases, disasters and self-regulation).

• Human population control : family planning; education; economic growth; status of women. Strategies for human population control with emphasis on women’s empowerment. (Details of methods of family planning not required.)

• Threats to the ecosystem : habitat destruction; genetic erosion; loss of diversity; expanding agriculture; impound water; waste from human societies; increasing human consumption.Only a brief understanding of the causes and consequences of threats to provisioning and regulatory functions of the ecosystem with suitable examples.

• Conservation : importance;  the  critical  state  of  Indian  forests;  conflicts  surrounding  forested  areas  – populations and tribals and their rights
  • tourism – poaching – roads – development projects – dams; scientific forestry and its limitations; social forestry; the role of the forest department; NGOs; joint forestry management; wild life – sanctuaries, conservation and management in India; Project Tiger as a case study in conservation.
  • Population Regulation Conservation, in situ and ex situ conservation. Importance of Conservation.
  • In-situ conservation: Wildlife sanctuaries, National parks, Biosphere reserves (definition, objectives, features, advantages and disadvantages).
  • Ex-situ   conservation : zoos,   aquaria,   plant   collection   (objectives,   features,   advantages   and disadvantages).
  • Conflicts in managing and conserving Forests: India’s forest cover, issues concerning people living in and around forests with particular reference to tribal rights;
  • threats to forests :  poaching, developmental projects like roads and dams, over exploitation of forest resources (direct and indirect).
  • The role of the forest department and NGO sin managing forests.
  • Some management measures : scientific forestry, social forestry (various types of social forestry), Joint Forestry Management (JFM), ecotourism. Definition, scope, advantages and disadvantages of each of the above.
  • Project Tiger as a case study in conservation: Origin, aims, and objectives, successes, failures.

Monitoring Pollution

• Pollution monitoring: Primary and secondary pollutants. Importance of monitoring air pollution including Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (gaseous and particulate). Concept of carbon credits and carbon trading in regulating emissions. Causes for excessive vehicular pollution and various steps taken to regulate pollution-emission standards for new vehicles, implementation of CNG programme, inspection & maintenance programme for in-use vehicles, phasing out of old commercial vehicles and promotion of public transport.

• Monitoring the atmosphere: technique : Monitoring at emission source and of ambientair quality, criteria for monitoring stations, types of stations, number of stations, frequency of data collection, characteristics of ambient air sampling, basic consideration for sampling (to be dealt with in brief). Classification of techniques- manual and instrumental. Manual- Passive samplers, High Volume Samplers and Bubbler Systems. Instrumental-photometric techniques- NDIR, Chemiluminescence – principle and use.

• International and national air quality standard : National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM); the main functions of the Central Pollution Board and the State Pollution Control Board, objectives of air quality standards, New name of NAAQM, National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP)objectives of the NAMP.
• Definition of air quality standards and importance; National air quality standards for gases/particulate matter covered under WHO guidelines.

• Water testing: indicators of water quality :  Indicators (electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, faecal waste, temperature, hardness, nitrates and sulphates) the significance of each and their interpretations. B.O.D. and C.O.D., theoretical concept only (lab work for better understanding and not for testing)
• Soil testing: indicators of soil type and quality and laboratory work : Soil indicators- the characteristics of a good soil indicator, the three basic types of soilindicators- biological, physical and chemical, two examples of each. The information provided by each of these types of indicators. Definitions, effects and experiments to find out soil respiration, soil pH, soil aggregate, infiltration rate and simple methods of controlling each of these.

 Third World Development

• Urban-rural divide : urbanisation – push and pull factors; consequences on rural and urban sectors; future trends and projection Causes of migration – push and pull factors, consequences on rural and urban areas and ways to reduce migration. Future trends and projections.

• A critical appraisal of conventional paradigm of development from the viewpoints of sustainability, environmental impact and equity.

Definition of Development.

An understanding that development has become synonymous with growth. This approach has the following impacts on the environment: 

• Ignoring negative environmental impacts;
• Changing patterns of resource use due to market pressures;
• Overuse and exploitation  of  resources;
• Diversion of scarce resources to luxury goods;
• Disparate access to resources;
• Increasing wastes and pollution.

The above to be explained with suitable examples.

• A case study of Gandhian approach in terms of its aims and proces Local self-governance – basic principles behind village policy, Antoday, Sarvoday, Panchayati Raj; local self-sufficiency, local markets and environmental sustainability. Village as the basis of development; promotion of cottage industries and Intermediate technologies; focus on employment. The above to be contrasted with today’s paradigm of growth.

• Urban environmental planning and management: problems of sanitation; water management; transport; energy; air quality; housing; constraints (economic, political) in tackling the problems; inapplicability of solutions that have worked in the First World and the need for indigenous approach to urban environment.
• A basic understanding of the following urban environmental problems: problems of sanitation, water management, transport, energy; air quality and housing.
• Awareness of some indigenous solutions: Rainwater harvesting, garbage segregation, composting, energy from solid and liquid wastes, sewage management (dry toilets, Decentralized Water Management System (DEWATS)
• Features of new urbanism, goals of smart growth. The following examples of urban planning and management from the third world to be studied: 

• Bogota – Bolivia (Traffic Management);

• Cuba (Urban agriculture using organic methods);

• Curitiba – Brazil (Traffic planning and urban renewal using innovative measures);

• Cochabamba – (Water management and protests against privatization of water supply).

Sustainable Agriculture

• Traditional Agriculture in India: irrigation systems; crop varieties; techniques for maintaining soil fertility; impact of colonialism; Indian agriculture at independence – food scarcity – food import – need for increasing production – the need for land reform; green revolution – HYVs – fertilizers – pesticides – large irrigation projects (dams); critical appraisal of the green revolution from the viewpoints of agro-bio diversity; soil health; ecological impact of pesticides; energy (petroleum and petrochemicals); ability to reach the poorer sections of the rural communities; sustainability – need for sustainable agriculture – characteristics for sustainable agriculture; techniques of water soil and pest management.
• Definition of the following terms: traditional agriculture, natural farming, organic agriculture, modern agriculture (use of hybrid seeds, high yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides), gene revolution (genetically modified seeds) and sustainable agriculture. Irrigation systems:
• Macro vs micro irrigation systems – canal irrigation/dam as compared to sprinkler/ drip/ trickle drip/dug wells. Basic features, advantages and disadvantages of each kind. Traditional rainwater harvesting- tankas, khadins, ahar, pynes, zings, johads and eris (suitability of each type in the particular region).
• Features of pre-colonial agriculture in India: growing for sustenance rather than market; multi-cropping, management of soil health, diversity in seed.
• Colonial influence: punitive taxation, commercial crops for export and British industry, devaluation of sustainable traditional practices. Bengal famine. Comparative study of pre-colonial, colonial and post- colonial agriculture and their impact.
• Green Revolution: Origin (food scarcity – food import – need for increasing production).
• Basic principles of Green Revolution- Development of High Yielding Varieties (HYV); introduction of fertilizers and pesticides; mono cropping.
• Environmental, social and economic impacts -advantages and disadvantages (from the viewpoints of agro – bio diversity; soil health; ecological impact of pesticides; energy use; input costs; benefits to small and medium farmers, community level and household level food security).
• Land reform – need, advantages, failures and successes.
• Elements of sustainable agriculture: Mixed farming, mixed cropping, inter-cropping, crop rotation, use of sustainable practices of water soil and pest management for improving soil fertility (organic fertilizers, bio- fertilizers, green manure, with two examples) and pest control (bio pesticides). Integrated Pest Management (IPM); eating local foods
• Management of agricultural produce: Storage; Food preservation-different methods like use of low temperatures, high temperatures, drying, canning, preservation by salt and sugar. Transportation of Food.
• Food processing – Definition, food preservation, packaging, grading.
• Food adulteration and Food additives-definitions; types of adulteration, harmful effects of adulteration. Quality Marks – ISI (Indian Standard Institute); AGMARK  (Agricultural Marketing);
• FPO(Fruit Product Order) – a brief explanation only.

• Food: the twin problems of production and access; food situation in the world; integrated and sustainable approach to food security for the Third World. Food Security.
• Meaning of Food Security, need for food security. The problems in attaining food security – those of production, storage and access. Integrated and sustainable approach to food security for the Third World including working for environmental sustainability and social and economic sustainability through land reform, credit support to farmers, market support to farmers, inadequacies in the present marketing system, ways to improve marketing system, improving access to food, ownership of seeds.
• An understanding that national level food security may not translate into household and community level food security or long-term environmental sustainability unless the above factors are addressed. Main features of the Food Security Law 2013.

Environmental and Natural Resource Economics

• Definition: resources; scarcity and growth; natural resource accounting. Classification of natural resources – on the basis of origin (abiotic and biotic), on the basis of renewability (renewable and non- renewable), on the basis of development (potential and actual), on the basis of distribution (ubiquitous and localized); scarcity and growth, natural resource accounting.
• Classification of resources as renewable and non-renewable. Definition, basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of Physical accounting.

• GNP v other forms of measuring income. GDP, GNP – definitions, advantages and disadvantages of using them as tools for measuring growth.

• Economic status and welfare (net economic welfare, nature capital, ecological capital, etc.) A broad overview of the purpose of environmental econom Definition and classification: Defensive expenditure (its classification); natural/ ecological capital.

• Externalities: cost benefit analysis (social, ecological). Externalities – definition, kinds (positive and negative), impacts.
• Cost Benefit analysis – Definition, the processing brief, advantages and disadvantages. EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) -definition, examples, advantages.

• Natural capital regeneration.

What is natural capital? Kinds of natural capital; classification of ecosystem services, causes of degradation (acid deposition, air pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and emission of carbon dioxide), ecological footprint and man’s disproportionate use of natural resources, importance of preserving and regenerating natural capital.

International Relations and the Environment

• Trans-national characteristics of environmental issues using case study of Amazonia, Trade in Wild Life and Ozone Deplet

  Case study of Amazonia – causes for exploitation of forests, reasons for acceleration of deforestation, effects of government policies, ecological value of rainforests and possible solutions to the problem.

  Case study of ivory trade in Africa – reasons for flourishing trade of ivory in the past, steps taken to curb the trade and the consequences of ban in trade.

  Case study of ozone depletion – what is meant by ozone layer and how does it get depleted, (Chapman’s cycle), potential effects of ozone depletion, common ozone depleting substances (halons, carbon tetrachloride, CFCs, methyl chloroform, methyl bromide and HCFCs) and their life span in  the atmosphere; Ozone hole; steps taken to control ozone depletion.

• Impact of international politics, national sovereignty and interes

• International trade : a theoretical perspective; free trade vs. protectionism; import barriers; domestic industry vs. free trade; transnational companies – a historical perspective (colonialism and its lasting impact today); trade between the first and the third world – characteristics – terms of trade; India’s international trade – characteristics major imports and exports – foreign exchange crises

• • the export imperative and its impact on the environment; the case study of aquaculture in India; diversion of scarce resource from production of subsistence needs to commercial products; toxic waste trade – extent and impact; Globalization – trade regimes (WTO, GATT, IPR) and their impact on third world.
• Definition, advantages and disadvantages of globalization, free trade, protectionism. Transnational Companies (TNCs)  – definition; TNCs and environment – conflict of interest.
• History of third world countries’ trade with the developed countries (with special reference to India) with regards to composition and terms of trade (export of primary goods and import of finished goods at higher cost tapping of primary goods leading to environment degradation- open cast mining, agriculture, aquaculture, etc.).

Case study of aquaculture in India to understand the impact of free trade.

Economic allocation of scarce resources and its impact on environment.

Toxic waste trade – definition, origin, factors sustaining, impact on third world countries(example – health and environmental impacts)and steps to mitigate it (Bamako and Basel Conventions).

GATT – the organization and its metamorphosis into WTO.

Principles and functions of WTO: creating a level playing field for international trade through MFN (Most Favored Nation), NT(National Treatment) and reduction of import barriers – tariff and non tariff barriers and trading to comparative advantages.

Full forms of and areas addressed in the WTOGATT, TRIPS, TRIMS, Agreement on Agriculture (AOA). A brief understanding of how these agreements impacted India’s trade, food security, economic well-being, environmental sustainability.

Definition of IPR and its categories: copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial design rights, geographical indicators and trade secrets.

A brief understanding of each of the above categories.

• International aid: agencies; advantages; limitations; need for re-orienting aid; aid v self-reliance.

International aid – advantages and disadvantages; Types of Aid: Tied and Untied Aid – advantages and limitations of each.

Unit I :

Introduction to Microeconomics

• What is microeconomics?
• Central problems

Unit II :

Consumer Behaviour and Demand 

• Consumer’s Equilibrium : meaning and attainment of equilibrium through Utility Approach: One and two  commodity
• Demand : market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve, movement along and shifts in the demand curve, price elasticity of demand, measurement ofprice elasticity of demand – percentage, total expenditure, and geometric methods

Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit III : 

National Income and Related Aggregates – Basic Concepts and Measurement

• Macroeconomics: meaning.
• Circular flow of income, concepts of GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP (at market price and factor cost).
• Measurement of  National  Income  -Value  Added  method,  Income  method,  and Expenditure method.

Unit IV :

Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and their components
• Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal)
• Meaning of involuntary unemployment and full employment
• Determination of income and employment: two-sector model
• Concept of investment multiplier and its working
• Problems of excess and deficient demand
• Measures to correct excess and deficient demand – availability of credit, change in government spending

Unit V:

Money and Banking

• Money: meaning, evolution, and functions
• Central bank: meaning and functions
• Commercial banks: meaning and functions

Unit VI :

Government Budget and the Economy

• Government budget – meaning and its components
• Objectives of government budget
• Classification of receipts – revenue and capital; classification of expenditure – revenue and capital, plan and non-plan, and developmental and non-developmental
• Balanced budget, surplus budget, and deficit budget: meaning and implications
• Revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, and primary deficit: meaning and implications; measures to contain different deficits.

Unit VII :

Balance of Payments

• Foreign exchange rate – meaning (fixed and flexible), merits and demerits; determination through demand and supply
• Balance of payments accounts – meaning and components
• A brief analysis of recent exchange rate issues

Indian Economic  Development

Unit VIII :

Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991

A brief introduction of the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence. Indian economic system and common goals of Five year Plans.

Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy), industry (IPR 1956; SSI – role & importance) and foreign trade.

Unit IX :

Current challenges facing the Indian Economy Poverty –

Rural development :

Employment :

Infrastructure :  

Sustainable Economic Development :

Unit X :

Development Experience of India

• A comparison with neighbours
• India and Pakistan
• India and China
• Issues: economic   growth,   population,   sectoral   development   and  other   Human Development Indicators

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Unit I :

Construction of isometric scale showing main divisions of 10mm and smaller divisions of 1mm, also showing the leading angles.

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Unit II :

Combination of any two above-mentioned solids keeping the base side parallel or perpendicular to HP/VP and placed centrally together (Axis of both the solids should not be given parallel to HP).

Unit III:

Drawing to full size scale with instruments

Introduction of threads: Standard profiles of screw threads – Square, Knuckle, B.S.W., Metric (external and internal); Bolts – Square head, Hexagonal head; Nuts Square head, Hexagonal head; Plain washer; combination of nut and bolt with or without washer for assembling two parts together.

Unit IV : 

Free-hand sketches

Conventional representation of external and internal threads; Types of studs – Plain stud, Square-neck stud, Collar stud; Types of rivets – Snap head, Flat head, Pan head (without tapered neck), 600 Counter Sunk Flat head.

Unit 5 :    

Bearings 

• Open-Bearing
• Bush- Bearing

Unit 6 :   

Rod Joint

• Cotter-joints for round-rods (Sleeve and cotter joint)
• Cotter-joints for square rods (Gib and cotter-joint)

Unit 7 : 

Tie-rod and Pipe-joint

• Turnbuckle
• Flange pipe joints are to be shown.

Unit 1 :  The Rajasthani and Pahari Schools of Miniature Painting

Unit 2 :  The Mughal and Deccan schools of miniature painting 

Unit 3 : The Bengal School and Cultural Nationalism

Unit 4 :  The Modern trends In Indian Art

Unit 1:

The Rajasthani and Pahari Schools of Miniature Painting (16th Century A.D to 19th Century A.D.)

Introduction to Indian Miniature Schools: Western-Indian, Pala, Rajasthani, Mughal, Central India, Deccan, and Pahari.

• The Rajasthani Schools

  • Origin and development of the following schools in brief: Mewar, Bundi, Bikaner, Kishangarh, and Jaipur, and the main features of the Rajasthani schools.
  • Study of the following Rajasthani paintings:

•  The Pahari Schools:

  • Origin and development of Basohli, Guler, and Kangra schools in brief and main features of the Pahari schools
  • Study of the following Pahari Paintings:

Unit 2 :

The Mughal and Deccani Schools of miniature painting (16th Century A.D. to 19th Century A.D.)

• The Mughal School

  • Origin and development of the Mughal school in brief and main features of the Mughal School
  • Study of the following Mughal Paintings:

The Deccani School

• Origin and development of the Deccani school and Main features of the Deccan School.
• Study of the following Deccani Paintings:

Unit 3 :

The Bengal School and Cultural Nationalism

• New Era in Indian art-an introduction
• Study of the following paintings:

• National flag and the Symbolic significance of its forms and the colo
• Contribution of Indian artists in the struggle for National Freedom Movement
• Tiller of the Soil-Nandlal B

Unit 4 :

The Modern trends In Indian Art Introduction

Sculpture

Graphic – Prints

Fundamentals of Human Geography

Unit I :

Human Geography

Nature and Scope

Unit II

People

• Population of the world – distribution, density and growth;
• Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change;
• Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition;
• Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparison.

Unit III :

Human Activities

• • Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agriculture and allied activities – some examples from selected  countries;
  • Secondary activities – concept; manufacturing: agro-processing, household, small scale, large scale; people engaged in secondary activities – some examples from selected countries;
  • Tertiary activities – concept; trade, transport and communication; services; people engaged in tertiary activities – some examples from selected countries;
  • Quaternary activities – concept; knowledge based industries; people engaged in quaternary activities – some examples from selected countries.

Unit IV :

Transport,  Communication  and Trade

• Land transport – roads, railways – rail network; trans-continental railways;
• Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes;
• Air transport – Intercontinental air routes;
• Oil and gas pipelines;
• Satellite communication and cyber space;
• International trade – Basis and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade, role of WTO in International trade.

Unit V :

Human Settlements

• Settlement types – rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of megacities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.

India : People and Economy

Unit 1

People

• Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational – regional variations in growth of population ;
• Migration: international, national – causes and consequences;
• Human development – selected indicators and regional patterns;
• Population, environment and developmen

Unit II :

Human Settlements

• Rural settlements – types and distribution;
• Urban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification.

Unit III :

Resources and Development (Periods  30)

• Land resources – general land use; agricultural land use – major crops; agricultural development and problems,  common  property  resources;
• Water resources – availability and utilization – irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods – rain water harvesting and watershed management (one case study related with participatory watershed management to be introduced) ;
• Mineral and energy resources – metallic and non-metallic minerals and their distribution; conventional and non-conventional energy sources;
• Industries – types and distribution; industrial location and clustering; changing pattern of selected industries – iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on industrial location;
• Planning in India – target area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study).

Unit IV :

Transport, Communication  and International  Trade

• Transport and communication — roads, railways, waterways and airways; oil and gas pipelines; national electric grids; communication networkings – radio, television, satellite and internet;
• International trade — changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airpor

Unit  V :  

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

• Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal;
• Urbanisation-rural-urban migration; problem of slums;
• Land Degradation.

Unit I :

The Story of the First Cities Harappan Archaeology

Broad overview : 

• Early urban centres.

Story of discovery :

• Harappan civilization.

Excerpt :

• Archaeological report on a major site.

Discussion :

• how it has been utilized by archaeologists / historians.

Unit II :

Political and Economic History : How Inscriptions tell a story

Broad overview :

• Political and economic history from the Mauryan to the Gupta period.

Story of discovery :

• Inscriptions and the decipherment of the script. Shifts in the understanding of political and economic history.

Excerpt :

• Asokan inscription and Gupta period land grant.

Discussion :

• Interpretation of inscriptions by historians.

Unit III :

Social Histories using the Mahabharata

Broad overview :

• Issues in social history, including caste,class, kinship and gender.

Story of discovery :

• Transmission and publications of the Mahabharata.

Excerpt :

• From the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by historians.

Unit IV :

A History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa

Broad overview :

• A brief review of religious histories of Vedic religion, Jainism, Vaisnavism, Saivism.
• Focus on Buddhism.

Story of discovery :

• Sanchi stupa.

Excerpt :

• Reproduction of sculptures from Sanchi. Discussion: Ways in which sculpture has been interpreted by historians, other sources for reconstructing the history of Buddhism.

Unit V :

Medieval society through Travellers’ Accounts

Broad Overview :

• Outline of social and cultural life as they appear in travellers’ accounts.

Story of their writings :

• A discussion of where they travelled, why they travelled, what they wrote, and For whom they wrote.

Excerpts :

• from Alberuni, Ibn Batuta, Bernier.

Discussion :

• What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have been interpreted by historians.

Unit VI :

Religious Histories:

• The Bhakti-Sufi Tradition

Broad Overview:

• Outline of religious developments during this period.
• Ideas and practices of the Bhakti-Sufi saints.

Story of Transmission :

• How Bhakti-Sufi compositions have been preserved.

Excerpt :

• Extracts from selected Bhakti Sufi works.

Discussion :

• Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians.

Unit VII : 

New Architecture:

• Hampi

Broad Overview :

• Outline of new buildings during Vijayanagar period — temples, forts, irrigation facilities.
• Relationship between architecture and the political system.

Story of Discovery :

• Account of how Hampi was found.

Excerpt :

• Visuals of buildings at Hampi.

Discussion :

• Ways in which historians have analysed and interpreted these structures.

Unit VIII :

Agrarian Relations :

• The Ain-i- Akbari

Broad overview :

• Structure of agrarian relations in the 16th and 17th centuries. Patterns of change over the period.

Story of Discovery :

• Account of the compilation and translation of Ain-i-Akbari.

Excerpt :

• From the Ain-i-Akbari Discussion: Ways in which historians have used the text to reconstruct history.

Unit IX :

The Mughal Court :

• Reconstructing Histories through Chronicles

Broad Overview :

• Outline of political history c. 15th-17th centuries.
• Discussion of the Mughal court and politics.

Story of Discovery :

• Account of the production of court chronicles, and their subsequent translation and transmission.

Excerpts :

• from the Akbarnama and Padshahnama.

Discussion :

• Ways in which historians have used the texts to reconstruct political histories.

Unit X :

Colonialism and Rural Society :

• Evidence from Official Reports

Broad overview :

• Life of zamindars, peasants and artisans in the late18th century.
• East India Company, revenue settlements and surveys.
• Changes over the nineteenth century.

Story of official records :

• An account of why official investigations into rural societies were undertaken andthe types of records and reports produced.

Excerpts :

• From Firminger’s Fifth Report, Accounts of Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, and Deccan Riots Report.
  Discussion: What the official records tell and do not tell, and how they have been used by historians.

Unit XI :

Representations of 1857

Broad Overview :

• The events of 1857-58.
• How these events were recorded and narrated.

Focus :

• Lucknow.

Excerpts : 

• Pictures of 1857. Extracts from contemporary accounts.

Discussion :

How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had happened.

Unit XII :

Colonialism and Indian Towns :

• Town Plans and Municipal Reports

Broad Overview :

• The growth of Mumbai, Chennai, hill stations and cantonments in the 18th and 19th century.

Excerpts :

• Photographs and paintings. Plans of cities. Extract form town plan reports. Focus on Kolkata town planning.

Discussion :

• How the above sources can be used to reconstruct the history of towns. What these sources do not reveal.

Unit XIII :

Mahatma Gandhi through Contemporary Eyes

Broad Overview :

• The nationalist movement 1918-48,
• The nature of Gandhian politics and leadership.

Focus :

• Mahatma Gandhi in 1931.

Excerpts :

• Reports from English and Indian language newspapers and other contemporary writings.

Discussion :

• How newspapers can be a source of history.

Unit XIV :

Partition through Oral Sources

Broad Overview :

• The history of the 1940s;
• Nationalism, Communalism and Partition.

Focus :

• Punjab and Bengal.

Excerpts :

• Oral testimonies of those who experienced partition.
  Discussion: Ways in which these have been analysed toreconstruct the history of the event.

Unit XV :

• The Making of the Constitution

Broad Overview :

• Independence and the new nation state.
• The making of the Constitution.

Focus :

• The Constitutional Assembly debates. Excerpts: From the debates.

Discussion :

• What such debates reveal and how they canbe analyzed.

Unit I :  

Nutrition, Food science and Technology

1.  Clinical nutrition and Dietetics

• • Significance
  • Diet Therapy objectives.
  • Role of nutritionist
  • Types of diets
  • scope and career

2.   Public Nutrition and Health

• • Concept of Public Health and nutrition.
  • Nutritional Problems in India.
  • Strategies to tackle nutritional problems.
  • Scope and career

3.   Catering and food services management

• • Types of food service system
  • Management in food Services.
  •  scope and career

4.   Food Processing and technology

• • Basic concepts – food science, food Processing food technology, food Manufacturing
  • Development of food processing and technology and its importance
  • Classification of processed food.
  • Scope and career.

5.   Food Quality and safety

• • Basic Concepts – food safety, food contamination food adulteration
  • Food Standards Regulation – India (FSSAI, Agmark) and International (CAC, WTO, ISO)
  • Food safety management systems
  • Scope and career.

Unit II :

Human Development: Lifespan Approach

1. Early childhood care and education.

• • NCF (Principles and objectives.
  • Concept of crèche, day care centre and Montessori schools.
  • View point of Psychologist – Piaget and Vygotsky
  • Scope and career.

2. Special Education and support services

• •  Disability
  • special Education methods
  • scope and career

3. Management of institutions and programmes for children, youth and elderly

• • Children: Vulnerable, programmes
  • Youth: Vulnerable, programmes
  • Elderly: Vulnerable, programmes
  • Scope and career

Unit III :

Fabric and Apparel.

1. Design for fabric and Apparel

• • Design Analysis – structive and Applied
  • Elements of design.
  • Principles of design.
  • Scope and career.

2. Fashion design and Merchandising

• • Fashion terminology – Fashion, style, Fad, classic.
  • Fashion Development – History and Evolution
  • Fashion Merchandising
  • Scope and career

3. Production and quality control in the Garment Industry

• • Stages of apparel production
  • Quality Assurance in the Garment Industry
  • Scope and career

4. Care and Maintenance of fabrics in Institutions

• • Laundry equipment – Washing drying and ironing
  • Institutional laundry
  • Scope and career

 Unit IV :

Resource Management

1. Human Resource Management

• • Significance and functions of HRM
  • Scope and career

2. Hospitality Management

• • Concept of different hospitality establishments
  • Guest Cycle
  • Departments in Hospitality organizations Front Office, Housekeeping, food and beverages
  • Scope and career

3. Consumer Education and Protection

• • Consumer Problems.
  • Consumer Protection Act (2019) – consumer rights and responsibilities
  • Standard Marks – ISI, Agmark, FSSAI, Hallmark, silk Mark, Wool Mark, Eco mark
  • Voluntary consumer organizations
  • Scope and career.

Unit V:

Communication and Extension

1. Development of communication and Journalism

• • Basic concepts- Development, Development Journalism, and Development communication.
  • Methods of communication
  • Scope and career.

2.  Media management, Design, and Production

• • Media planning
  • Media designing and production.
  • Media evaluation and feedback
  • Scope and career

Unit VI:

Career Options after Home Science Education

Career options of self and wage employment in various fields of Home Science. </p?

Agriculture :

A Survey

• Agriculture in Prehistory and Proto history/ Textual Sources/ Types of Lands/ Rain-Fed and Irrigated Crops/ Implements/ Seed and Sowing/ Manures/ Pests and Their Management/ Cattle Management/ Horticulture and Arboriculture/ Fishing/ Agriculture and Society

Architecture :

A Survey

• Early and Classical Architecture : Temple Architecture/ Rock-Cut Structures/ Monolithic Temples/ Constructed Temples/ Publicand Private Architecture Architecture:  A Survey
• Medieval & Colonial Architecture : Fort and Palace Architecture/ Mosques/ Mausoleums/ Colonial Architecture

Dance :

A Survey

• Classical Dance Forms : Classical Period/ Middle Period/ Modern Period/ Classical Dance Forms/ Bharatanayam/ Kathakali/ Kathak/ Kucipudi/ Manipuri/ O’issi/ Sattriya
• Folk Dance Forms : Chau/ Bihu/ Rauf/ Padayani/ DolluKunitha/ Dandiya/ Ghumar/ Kalbelia/ Chau&fla/ Bhangra/ Giddha/ Garba/ Lava)i/ Bamboo Dance

Education Systems and Practices :

A Survey :

Goals of Indian Education/ Teaching and Learning/ the Teacher and the Student/ Centres ofEducation/ Temples as First Schools/ Gurukulas/ Viharas and Universities/ Community- Supported Education/ The Continuing System

1. Communication

• • Culture and Communication : What is culture? Relationship between culture and mass media; communication in the cultural context; media as vehicle of cultural transmission; representation and stereotyping in Mass Media.
  • Communication and Social Change :  Social change: meaning; media as a catalyst for social change (with examples of various social movements).

2. Journalism

• • Qualities of a good Journalist : An understanding of the following: nose for News, inquisitiveness, language skills, trustworthy and empathy.
  • Ethical Issues in Journalism : A brief understanding of each of the following with examples: sensationalism, fake news, paid news, plagiarism, advertorials, partisan reporting and sting operations.

3.  TV

• • Advertising
    • Advertising concepts & process,
    • \Functions of Advertising,
    • Types of     Advertising     (Cross     promotions, Merchandise, Convert Advertising),
    • Forms of Advertising

• • Film
    • Pre-Shooting stag
    • Shooting Stag
    • Post-Shooting Stage.

4. Radio

• • Writing for Radio : Characteristics of a Radio Script: conversational language, active voice, simple sentences, avoidance of technical jargons and capability of creating imageries.
  • Recording Radio Programmes : Brief understanding of the radio studio and transmission equipment: types of microphones; amplifier, sound mixer, speakers; audio recording.
  • Radio Jockeying : Role of a radio jockey; skills required: command on language (spoken and written), connectedness with the audience; knowledge about the recording equipment.

5. Cinema

• •  History of Cinema : A brief understanding of the early experiments done by the following: Lumiere Brothers, John Grierson, Robert Flaharty and Dada Saheb Phalke.
  • Cinema Genres : Defining genre theory; an understanding of the various types of genres (with suitable examples): action, westerns, comedy, crime, drama, fantasy/sci-fi, historical, animation, romance and musical.
  • Cinema and Social Change : Parallel Cinema movement in India: Issues depicted and low budget production process (with reference to examples such as Shyam Benegal’s Manthan).

6. Social Media

• • Definition of social media.
  • Types of social media platform Self-explanatory.
  • Role of social media in democracy : Role of social media in creating collective identities with reference to sharing of information; cyber activism (with suitable examples)
  • Cyber Crime : A understanding of online bullying; stalking; trolling; online frauds.
  • Netiquettes : Meaning and importance of netiquettes; an understanding of netiquettes such as: identification of oneself; respect for others’ privacy, use of appropriate language and imagery; do not spam.

7. New Media

• •  Internet as the meeting point of all the mass media.
  • Broadcasting
  • Mass communication model of a few transmitting to a vast number of receiver
  • Gigantic organization
  • Huge technical infra-structure
  • Large scale revenue.
  • The changed paradigm due to the Internet.
  • Empowering an individual to post data on the Internet
  • Information, message in one medium triggering off activity in the others.
  • Many sources of the same informatio
  • Distribution of the information between indi9viduals on an unprecedented global scal
  • Rapidity of opinion generation on a local, national and global scale.
  • The socio-political implications of the new information order.
  • The Strengthening of democracy.
  • Emerging trends in Mass Communication

Unit I :

Sociological Aspects of Physical Education

• Games and sports as man’s cultural heritage. An understanding that sports have been a part of our culture and tradition since time immemorial.
• Development of the individual through games and sports. Understanding how games and sports contribute in various ways towards the development of an individual.
• Role of Physical Education in promoting national integration. How Physical Education helps in promoting National Integration.
• Physical Education and personality development. The role of Physical education in development of personal qualities like an individual attitude, discipline, helpfulness, team spirit, patience, unity, friendship, etc.

Unit II :

Training Methods

• Meaning and importance of Sports Training. Definition of Sports Training and its importance.
• Methods of training. Methods of Training: Repetition, continuous & fartlek, and interval – Definition, purpose, advantages and procedure of each. Advantages of warming up, conditioning and cooling/limbering.
• Isometric and Isotonic exercises. Meaning, advantages and examples of each.
• Circuit Training. Meaning and advantages of circuit training; procedure of conducting circuit training.
• Weight Training. Meaning and advantages of weight training. An understanding of how the above training methods help an individual in different sports and help develop strength, speed, stamina, skill, endurance.

Unit III :

Career Aspects in Physical Education

• Career options in Physical Education. Professional sportsmen, sports manager, teacher/lecturer, sports coach, gym instructor, sports officials, sports events coordinators, sports journalist and commentator, sports software engineer, marketing and manufacturing of sports equipment.
• Important institutions of Physical Education in India. Functions and objectives of Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports (N.S.N.I.S.), Sports Authority of India (S.A.I), International Olympic Committee (I.O.C), Indian Olympic Association (IOA), YMCA College of Physical Education (Chennai), Lucknow Christian College of Physical Education (LCCPE), Luxmibai National University of Physical Education (LNUPE). Development of training facilities, coaching systems, influence of media and sponsors.

Unit IV :

Career Aspects in Physical Education

• Tournaments and types of tournaments. Candidates should be fully aware of :

• • the definition of ‘tournament’.
  • the types of tournaments: Fixtures, Knock-out, league matches (seeding and byes).
  • merits and demerits of tournaments.
  • objectives and importance of intramural and extramural competitions.
  • Names of the National and International Federations/Bodies controlling the various tournaments/competitions.
• Difference between Professional and Amateur Players.

Unit V:

Health Education & Health Problems

• Meaning and definition of ‘Health’ and ‘Health Education’.
  • Meaning and definition of ‘Health’ (mental health and physical health) and ‘Health Education’.
• Principles and importance of Health Education.
  • Health problems and role of Health Education in solving them : Principles and objectives of Health Education. Importance of Health Education for adults and the younger generation through formal and non-formal channels of education. Various prevalent Health Problems: Communicable diseases – meaning, examples and common mode of spread. Epidemics – meaning and examples; Water, noise and air pollution – causes and prevention; Occupational Health Hazards – meaning and examples.
• Disability and Rehabilitation.
  • Causes of disability. General principles for prevention of disability; Meaning and scope of Rehabilitation; services available for rehabilitation; role of the community and government organizations in rehabilitation programmes.
• Posture
  • Meaning of posture. Correct posture – meaning, importance of correct posture (standing, sitting, walking). Common postural deformities: kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, flat foot, knock-knees, bowlegged, hunch back, round shoulders – meaning, causes and corrective measures for each.
• Personal hygiene and sleep requirements.
  • Personal hygiene : Meaning of personal hygiene, importance of personal hygiene for a healthy life style. Care of eyes, ears, feet,hair, skin, oral hygiene, nose and clothing.
  • Foot care : causes of corns, broken nails due to tight footwear; Causes of diseases like ring worm, athletes foot due to walking in wet areas; proper care of feet.
  • Sleep requirements : Sleep requirements for different age groups. Effects of insufficient sleep on human body.
• Substance Abuse. Effects of use of alcohol and smoking on the individual and society.
  • Drugs : Meaning of ‘drugs’ and ‘drug abuse’; Stimulants and Narcotics – Analgesics. Awareness of the fact that use of certain drugs has been banned by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) and reasons for the same.

Unit VI :

Sports Injuries and First Aid

• Sports related injuries. Types of sports related injuries : Soft tissue injuries (contusion, abrasion, strain and sprain) bone injuries (fracture) and joint injuries (dislocation): cause and prevention of each
• Role of a sportsperson in prevention of sports related accidents. Types of injuries due to : sudden movement; environment (hot, cold, wet and dry); lack of preparation (warm up, cool down); inadequate clothing, body protection; not following instructions; surface and facilities, equipment being unsafe. Role of individual in prevention of sports related accidents
• First Aid. Meaning and importance of ‘First Aid’. First Aid for various sports related injuries. First Aid for cuts, grazes, strains, sprains, cramps, blisters, bruises, injuries of bone (fracture and dislocation); application of splints and Thomas splint; First Aid in drowning; Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation (RICE).

Unit VII :

Test & Measurement in Sports

• Motor Fitness Test – 50 M Standing Start, 600 M Run/Walk, Sit & Reach Partial Curl Up, Push Ups (Boys), Modified Push-Ups (Girls), Standing Broad Jump, Agility – 4×10 M Shuttle Run
• General Motor Fitness – Barrow three-item general motor ability (Standing Broad Jump, Zig Zag Run, Medicine Ball Put – For Boys: 03 Kg & For Girls: 01 Kg)
• Measurement of Cardio-Vascular Fitness – Harvard Step Test/Rockport Test – Computation of Fitness Index: Duration of the Exercise in Seconds × 1005.5 x Pulse count of 1-1.5 Min after Exercise
• Rikli & Jones – Senior Citizen Fitness Test (1). Chair Stand Test for lower body strength (2). Arm Curl Test for upper body strength (3). Chair Sit & Reach Test for lower body flexibility (4).Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility (5). Eight Foot Up & Go Test for agility (6). Six Minute Walk Test for Aerobic Endurance

Unit VIII :

Biomechanics & Sports

• Meaning and Importance of Biomechanics in Sports
• Types of movements (Flexion, Extension, Abduction & Adduction)
• Newton’s Law of Motion & its application in sports
• Friction & Sports

Unit IX :

Psychology & Sports

• Personality; its definition & types – Trait & Types (Sheldon & Jung Classification) & Big Five Theory
• Motivation, its type & techniques
• Exercise Adherence; Reasons to Exercise, Benefits of Exercise
• Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise
• Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sport

Unit I :

Electrostatics

Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle, and continuous charge distribution.

Unit II :

Current Electricity

Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.

Unit III :

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Unit IV :

Electromagnetic Induction andAlternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

Unit V :

Electromagnetic Waves

Need for displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only).

Unit VI :

Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light–blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Unit VII :

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Unit VIII:

Atoms and Nuclei Alpha –

Radioactivity –

Unit IX:

Electronic Devices

Unit X :

Communication Systems

Politics in India Since Independence

• The era of One-Party Dominance: First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level, uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major opposition parties.

Nation-Building and Its Problems :

• Nehru’s approach to nation-building: Legacy of partition: the challenge of ‘refugee’ resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Organization
  and reorganization of states; Political conflicts over language.

Politics of Planned Development :

• Five- year plans, expansion of state sector, and the rise of new economic interests. Famine and suspension of five-year plans. Green revolution and its political fallouts.

India’s External Relations :

• Nehru’s foreign policy. Sino-Indian war of 1962, Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971. India’s nuclear programme and shifting alliances in world politics.

Challenge to and Restoration of Congress System :

• Political succession after Nehru. Non-Congressism and electoral upset of 1967, Congress split and reconstitution, Congress’ victory in 1971 elections, politics of ‘garibi hatao’.

Crisis of the Constitutional Order :

• Search for ‘committed’ bureaucracy and judiciary. Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement. Emergency: context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency. 1977 elections and the formation of the Janata Party. Rise of civil liberties organizations.

Regional Aspirations and Conflicts :

• Rise of regional parties. Punjab crisis and the anti-Sikh riots of 1984. The Kashmir situation. Challenges and responses in the North East.

Rise of  New Social Movements :

• Farmers’ movements, Women’s movement, Environment, and Development-affected people’s movements. Implementation of Mandal Commission report and its aftermath.

Democratic Upsurge and Coalition Politics :

• Participatory upsurge in the 1990s. Rise of the JD and the BJP. The increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics. UF and NDA governments. Elections 2004 and UPA government.

Recent Issues and Challenges :

• Challenge of and responses to globalization: new economic policy and its opposition. Rise of OBCs in North Indian politics. Dalit politics
  in the electoral and non-electoral arena. Challenge of communalism: Ayodhya dispute,
  Gujarat riots.

Contemporary World Politics

Cold War Era in World Politics :

• Emergence of two power blocs after the second world war. Arenas of the cold war. Challenges to Bipolarity: Non-Aligned Movement, the quest for new international economic order. India and the cold war.

Disintegration of the ‘Second World’ and the Collapse of Bipolarity:

• New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan states, and, Central Asian states, Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes. India’s  elations with Russia and other post-communist countries.

US Dominance in World Politics :

Growth of unilateralism: Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attack on Iraq. Dominance and challenge to the US in economy
and ideology. India’s renegotiation of its relationship with the USA.

Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power :

Rise of China as an economic power in post- Mao era, creation, and expansion of European Union, ASEAN. India’s
changing relations with China.

1. South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era : Democratisation and its reversals in Pakistan and Nepal. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. Impact of economic globalization on the region.
   Conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia. India’s relations with its neighbours.
2. International Organisations in a Unipolar World : Restructuring and the future of the UN. India’s position in the restructured UN. Rise of new international actors: new international economic organizations, NGOs. How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance?
3. Security in Contemporary World : Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament. Non-traditional or human security: global poverty, health, and education. Issues of human rights and migration.
4. Environment and Natural Resources in Global Politics : Environment movement and
   evolution of global environmental norms. Conflicts over traditional and common property resources. Rights of indigenous people. India’s stand-in global environmental debates.
5. Globalisation and Its Critics : Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature of consequences of globalization. Anti-globalization movements. India as an arena of globalization and struggles against it.

Unit I :

Variations in Psychological Attributes

• The unit aims at studying how people differ with respect to their various psychological attributes.
  Individual differencesin human functioning; Assessment of psychological attributes;Intelligence:
  Individual differences in intelligence; Theories of intelligence; Culture and intelligence; Special
  abilities : Aptitude — nature, and measurement; Creativity; Emotional intelligence

Unit II :

Self and Personality

• This unit focuses on the study of self and personality in the context of different approaches in an effort to appraise the person. The assessment of personality will also be discussed. self-esteem,
  self-efficacy, and self-regulation; Culture and self; Concept of personality; Major approaches — Type and Trait, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Behavioural, Cultural; Assessment of personality: Self-report measures, behavioural analysis, and projective measures.

Unit III :

Meeting Life Challenges

• This unit deals with the nature of stress and how responses to stress depend on an individual’s appraisal of stressors. Strategies to cope with stress will also be dealt with.
  Nature, types and sources of stress; Effects on psychological functioning and health; Coping with stress; Promoting positive health and well-being.

Unit IV :

Psychological Disorders

• This unit discusses the concepts of normality and abnormality and the major psychological disorders. Concepts of abnormality and psychological disorders; Classification of disorders; Factorsunderlying abnormal behaviour; Major psychological disorders – Anxiety, Somatic, Dissociative, Mood, Schizophrenic, Developmental and Behavioural-Substance use related.

Unit V :

Therapeutic Approaches

• The unit discusses the goals, techniques, and effectiveness of different approaches to treating psychological disorders.
  Nature and process of therapy: Therapeutic relationship; Types of therapies: Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Behaviour and Bio-medical; Alternative therapies — Yoga, Meditation; Rehabilitation of mentally ill.

Unit VI :

Attitude and Social Cognition

• This unitfocuses on the formation and change of attitudes, cultural influences on attributional tendencies, and conditions influencing pro-social behaviour.
  Explaining social behaviour: Impression formation and explaining behaviour of othersthrough attributions; Social cognition; Schemas and stereotypes; Nature and components of attitudes;
  Attitude formation and change;Behaviourin the presence of others;Pro-social behaviour;Prejudice and discrimination; Strategies for handling prejudice.

Unit VII :

Social Influence and Group Processes

• The unit deals with the concept of the group, its functions, and the dynamics of social influence on conformity, obedience, and compliance. Different conflict resolution strategies will also be discussed. Conformity, Obedience, and Compliance; Cooperation and Competition; Nature and formation of groups; Types of groups; Social identity; Influence of the group on individual behaviour; Intergroup conflicts; Conflict resolution strategies

Unit VIII :

Psychology and Life

• The unit focuses on the application of psychological understanding to some importantsocial issues. Human-environment relationship; Environmental effects on human behaviour: Noise, pollution, crowding, natural disasters; Promoting pro-environmental behaviour; Psychology and social concerns: Aggression, Violence, and Peace, Discrimination and Poverty, health, the impact of television on behaviour.

Unit IX :

Developing Psychological Skills

• The unit deals with some effective psychological and interpersonal skills for facilitating personal-social development.
• • Effective psychological skills: Observational skills, Interviewing skills, Testing skills, Counselling
  • skills — empathy, authenticity, positive regard, and Communication skills — listening